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person-to-person diplomacy

  • 1 person-to-person diplomacy

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > person-to-person diplomacy

  • 2 person-to-person diplomacy

    Politics english-russian dictionary > person-to-person diplomacy

  • 3 diplomacy

    n
    дипломатия; дипломатическая работа, дипломатическая деятельность, дипломатическая практика

    to accomplish smth through diplomacy — добиваться чего-л. дипломатическим путем

    to display one's ability at active diplomacy — активно проявлять свои дипломатические способности

    to engage in high-level diplomacy — осуществлять дипломатические контакты на высоком уровне; предпринимать дипломатические шаги на высоком уровне

    to stick to / to use open diplomacy — придерживаться открытой дипломатии

    - backstage diplomacy
    - behind-the-scenes diplomacy
    - breakdown in diplomacy
    - check-book diplomacy
    - citizens' diplomacy
    - conference diplomacy
    - creative diplomacy
    - delicate diplomacy
    - deterrence diplomacy
    - diplomacy by force
    - diplomacy by strength
    - dollar diplomacy
    - dynamic diplomacy
    - flurry of diplomacy
    - grassroots diplomacy
    - gunboat diplomacy
    - heart of regional diplomacy
    - international diplomacy
    - kid-glove diplomacy
    - last-minute diplomacy
    - low-key diplomacy
    - megaphone diplomacy
    - mental readjustment to the new diplomacy
    - multipolar diplomacy
    - new departure in diplomacy
    - nuclear diplomacy
    - patient diplomacy
    - peace-making diplomacy
    - people's diplomacy
    - person-to-person diplomacy
    - ping-pong diplomacy
    - power diplomacy
    - preventive diplomacy
    - quiet diplomacy
    - shirt-sleeve diplomacy
    - short-sighted diplomacy
    - shuttle diplomacy
    - silkworm diplomacy
    - skilful diplomacy
    - strong diplomacy
    - sustained diplomacy
    - traditional diplomacy
    - turtle-pace diplomacy
    - United Nations diplomacy

    Politics english-russian dictionary > diplomacy

  • 4 курс на развитие личных контактов

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > курс на развитие личных контактов

  • 5 курс на развитие личных контактов граждан разных стран

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > курс на развитие личных контактов граждан разных стран

  • 6 курс

    1) (направление) course, policy, line

    взять курс на подъём чего-л. — to take the course / the path of raising smth.

    изменять свой курс — to alter / to change one's course

    намечать курс — to map out / to mark out a course; (в общих чертах) to outline a course

    придерживаться курса — to adhere / to stick to a policy / a course

    проводить курс — to conduct / to pursue a policy, to hold / to pursue / to take a line, to steer / to tread a course

    следовать курсом — to pursue / to follow the course

    авантюристический курс — adventurist(ic) policy, policy of adventure

    внешнеполитический курс — foreign policy, foreign policy course

    генеральный курс — general line / course

    жёсткий курс — hard / tough line, tough policy

    несговорчивый / упрямый сторонник жёсткого курса — intractable hard-liner

    милитаристский курс — militarist course / policy

    независимый курс — independent course / policy

    искажать / фальсифицировать политический курс — to falsify a policy

    позитивный / положительный политический курс — positive policy

    умеренный курс — moderate line, middle-of-the road course

    курс на затягивание чего-л. — policy of dragging out smth. курс на конфронтацию collision course курс на оздоровление / улучшение отношений course toward(s) improving relations

    курс на "прямое противоборство" — policy of "direct confrontation"

    курс на сегрегацию без каких-л. отступлений — hard-line segregationist platform

    курс партии — party line, party's policy

    курс перестройки экономики — course for reorganization / restructuring of the economy

    2) эк. course, rate, quotation exchange

    играть на повышение курса — to be bullish, to go a bull

    биржевой курс — exchange / market quotation, share price

    валютный курс, курс валюты — (foreign) exchange rate, course / par / rate of exchange, exchange

    выгодный валютный курс — profitable rate of exchange, favourable exchange

    высокий валютный курс — high rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    гибкий валютный курс — flexible exchange rate / rate of exchange

    двойной валютный курс — double exchange rate / rate of exchange

    действующий / эффективный валютный курс — effective exchange rate / rate of exchange

    заключительный валютный курс — closing rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    закреплённый валютный курс — fixed rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    колеблющийся валютный курс — floating / fluctuating / free exchange rate, variable exchange

    единый / унифицированный колеблющийся валютный курс — unitary floating rate of exchange

    наличный валютный курс — current rate of exchange / exchange rate

    начальный валютный курс — opening rate of exchange / exchange rate

    неодинаковые / различные валютные курсы — different rates of exchange / exchange rates

    неподдерживаемый / нерегулируемый валютный курс — unpegged rate of exchange / exchange rate

    неустойчивый валютный курс — variable exchange rate / rate of exchange

    обменный валютный курс — exchange rate, rate of exchange

    официально объявленный / официальный валютный курс (установленный центральным банком) — official rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    плавающий валютный курс — floating rate of exchange / exchange rate, float

    вводить плавающий / свободно колеблющийся валютный курс — to float

    повышенный валютный курс — higher rate of exchange / exchange rate

    пониженный валютный курс — reduced rate (of exchange) / exchange rate

    свободный валютный курс — free rate of exchange / exchange rate

    справочный валютный курс — posted rate of exchange / exchange

    твёрдый / фиксированный валютный курс — fixed exchange rate / rate of exchange

    текущий рыночный валютный курс — going market rate of exchange / exchange rate

    введение нового соотношения / новой системы валютных курсов — exchange rate alignment

    расчёт валютного курса — (exchange) rate calculation, calculation of exchange

    движение / динамика валютных курсов — exchange rate movements, movement in the exchange rate

    размах колебаний валютного курса, пределы отклонений валютного курса от паритета — fluctuation band

    курс валютысм. валюта

    неустойчивый курс иностраннной валюты — fluctuant foreign exchange rate, variable exchange

    падение валютного курса — fall in the exchange rate / in exchange

    курс акций — stock exchange; stock price амер.

    ежедневно / еженедельно публикуемый курс акций — daily / weekly average

    курс при закрытии банка / биржи / рынка — closing rate

    курс при открытии банка / биржи / рынка — opening rate

    курс ценных бумаг — rate of securities, price

    согласованный (в ходе переговоров) курс ценных бумаг — negotiated price

    твёрдый / устойчивый курс ценных бумаг — firm price

    курс, предлагаемый покупателем ценных бумаг — bid price

    курс, предлагаемый продавцом ценных бумаг — asked price

    3)

    быть в курсе политики — to be well informed / versed in politics

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > курс

  • 7 quiet

    I 1. ['kwaɪət]
    1) (silent) [person, room] quieto, silenzioso

    to keep o stay quiet rimanere in silenzio; to go quiet [person, assembly] tacere; the room went quiet nella stanza si fece silenzio; to keep [sb.] quiet fare tacere [dog, child]; be quiet! — silenzio!

    2) (not noisy) [ voice] basso; [ engine] silenzioso; [ music] tranquillo; [cough, laugh] discreto
    3) (discreet) [ diplomacy] discreto, riservato; [ deal] riservato, fatto in privato; [ confidence] pacato, sereno; [ despair] velato, dissimulato; [ colour] sobrio, discreto

    to have a quiet word with sb. — parlare con qcn. in privato

    4) (calm) [village, holiday, life] tranquillo; [ night] calmo, tranquillo
    5) (for few people) [meal, wedding] intimo
    6) (docile) [ pony] tranquillo, docile

    to keep [sth.] quiet — tenere segreto, non divulgare [ plans]; tenere segreto [ engagement]

    2.
    1) (silence) quiete f., silenzio m.

    quiet please! — silenzio, per favore!

    2) (peace) calma f., tranquillità f.
    3) colloq. (secret)

    on the quiet — di nascosto, segretamente

    II ['kwaɪət]
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (not making very much, or any, noise; without very much, or any, noise: Tell the children to be quiet; It's very quiet out in the country; a quiet person.) calmo, tranquillo
    2) (free from worry, excitement etc: I live a very quiet life.) tranquillo
    3) (without much movement or activity; not busy: We'll have a quiet afternoon watching television.) tranquillo
    4) ((of colours) not bright.) tenue, sobrio
    2. noun
    (a state, atmosphere, period of time etc which is quiet: In the quiet of the night; All I want is peace and quiet.) calma, quiete
    3. verb
    ((especially American: often with down) to quieten.) calmare, calmarsi
    - quietly
    - quietness
    - keep quiet about
    - on the quiet
    * * *
    I 1. ['kwaɪət]
    1) (silent) [person, room] quieto, silenzioso

    to keep o stay quiet rimanere in silenzio; to go quiet [person, assembly] tacere; the room went quiet nella stanza si fece silenzio; to keep [sb.] quiet fare tacere [dog, child]; be quiet! — silenzio!

    2) (not noisy) [ voice] basso; [ engine] silenzioso; [ music] tranquillo; [cough, laugh] discreto
    3) (discreet) [ diplomacy] discreto, riservato; [ deal] riservato, fatto in privato; [ confidence] pacato, sereno; [ despair] velato, dissimulato; [ colour] sobrio, discreto

    to have a quiet word with sb. — parlare con qcn. in privato

    4) (calm) [village, holiday, life] tranquillo; [ night] calmo, tranquillo
    5) (for few people) [meal, wedding] intimo
    6) (docile) [ pony] tranquillo, docile

    to keep [sth.] quiet — tenere segreto, non divulgare [ plans]; tenere segreto [ engagement]

    2.
    1) (silence) quiete f., silenzio m.

    quiet please! — silenzio, per favore!

    2) (peace) calma f., tranquillità f.
    3) colloq. (secret)

    on the quiet — di nascosto, segretamente

    II ['kwaɪət]

    English-Italian dictionary > quiet

  • 8 use

    I [juːs]
    1) U (act of using) (of substance, object, machine) uso m., impiego m., utilizzo m.; (of word, language) uso m.

    for use as, in — da essere utilizzato come, in

    for the use of — riservato a [customer, staff]

    for use by sb. — a uso di qcn.

    to make use of sth. — usare o utilizzare qcs., fare uso di qcs.

    to make good use of sth., to put sth. to good use — fare buon uso di qcs.

    a word in common o general use una parola d'uso corrente; out of o no longer in use [ machine] (broken) guasto, fuori uso; (because obsolete) non più in uso; [word, expression] che non viene più usato, in disuso; worn with use logorato dall'uso; stained with use sporco per l'uso; this machine came into use in the 1950s questa macchina è stata introdotta negli anni '50; the new system comes into use next year — il nuovo sistema entrerà in uso dal prossimo anno

    2) С (way of using) (of resource, object, material) utilizzo m., impiego m.; (of term) uso m.

    to have no further use for sth., sb. — non avere più bisogno di qcs., qcn.

    to have the use of — avere l'uso di [house, garden, kitchen]; avere il permesso di usare [ car]

    with use of — con uso di [ kitchen]

    to be (of) no use to sb. — [ object] non essere di nessuna utilità per qcn.; [ person] non essere di nessun aiuto a qcn.

    oh, what's the use? — oh, tanto a che serve?

    it's no use, we'll have to start — niente da fare, dobbiamo cominciare

    II [juːz]
    1) (employ) usare [object, car, room, money, word]; usare, utilizzare [method, tool, technique]; usare, servirsi di [language, metaphor]; sfruttare [ opportunity]; usare, fare ricorso a [blackmail, force]; usare, sfruttare [knowledge, talent, influence]

    to use sth., sb. as sth. — servirsi di qcs., qcn. come qcs.

    to use sth. for sth., to do — usare qcs. per qcs., per fare

    use your head!colloq. usa la testa!

    2) (anche use up) (consume) consumare [fuel, food]; finire [water, left-overs]
    3) (exploit) spreg. servirsi di [ person]
    4) (take habitually) fare uso di [ drugs]
    5) ant. (treat)

    to use sb. well, ill — trattare bene, male qcn

    * * *
    I [ju:z] verb
    1) (to employ (something) for a purpose: What did you use to open the can?; Use your common sense!)
    2) (to consume: We're using far too much electricity.)
    - used
    - user
    - user-friendly
    - user guide
    - be used to something
    - be used to
    - used to
    II [ju:s]
    1) (the act of using or state of being used: The use of force to persuade workers to join a strike cannot be justified; This telephone number is for use in emergencies.)
    2) (the/a purpose for which something may be used: This little knife has plenty of uses; I have no further use for these clothes.)
    3) ((often in questions or with negatives) value or advantage: Is this coat (of) any use to you?; It's no use offering to help when it's too late.)
    4) (the power of using: She lost the use of her right arm as a result of the accident.)
    5) (permission, or the right, to use: They let us have the use of their car while they were away.)
    - usefulness
    - usefully
    - useless
    - be in use
    - out of use
    - come in useful
    - have no use for
    - it's no use
    - make good use of
    - make use of
    - put to good use
    - put to use
    * * *
    I [juːs]
    1) U (act of using) (of substance, object, machine) uso m., impiego m., utilizzo m.; (of word, language) uso m.

    for use as, in — da essere utilizzato come, in

    for the use of — riservato a [customer, staff]

    for use by sb. — a uso di qcn.

    to make use of sth. — usare o utilizzare qcs., fare uso di qcs.

    to make good use of sth., to put sth. to good use — fare buon uso di qcs.

    a word in common o general use una parola d'uso corrente; out of o no longer in use [ machine] (broken) guasto, fuori uso; (because obsolete) non più in uso; [word, expression] che non viene più usato, in disuso; worn with use logorato dall'uso; stained with use sporco per l'uso; this machine came into use in the 1950s questa macchina è stata introdotta negli anni '50; the new system comes into use next year — il nuovo sistema entrerà in uso dal prossimo anno

    2) С (way of using) (of resource, object, material) utilizzo m., impiego m.; (of term) uso m.

    to have no further use for sth., sb. — non avere più bisogno di qcs., qcn.

    to have the use of — avere l'uso di [house, garden, kitchen]; avere il permesso di usare [ car]

    with use of — con uso di [ kitchen]

    to be (of) no use to sb. — [ object] non essere di nessuna utilità per qcn.; [ person] non essere di nessun aiuto a qcn.

    oh, what's the use? — oh, tanto a che serve?

    it's no use, we'll have to start — niente da fare, dobbiamo cominciare

    II [juːz]
    1) (employ) usare [object, car, room, money, word]; usare, utilizzare [method, tool, technique]; usare, servirsi di [language, metaphor]; sfruttare [ opportunity]; usare, fare ricorso a [blackmail, force]; usare, sfruttare [knowledge, talent, influence]

    to use sth., sb. as sth. — servirsi di qcs., qcn. come qcs.

    to use sth. for sth., to do — usare qcs. per qcs., per fare

    use your head!colloq. usa la testa!

    2) (anche use up) (consume) consumare [fuel, food]; finire [water, left-overs]
    3) (exploit) spreg. servirsi di [ person]
    4) (take habitually) fare uso di [ drugs]
    5) ant. (treat)

    to use sb. well, ill — trattare bene, male qcn

    English-Italian dictionary > use

  • 9 shuttle

    1) (in weaving, a piece of equipment for carrying the thread backwards and forwards across the other threads.) lanzadera
    2) (a piece of machinery for making loops in the lower thread in a sewing-machine.) lanzadera
    3) (an air, train or other transport service etc which operates constantly backwards and forwards between two places: an airline shuttle between London and Edinburgh; space shuttle (= a craft travelling between space stations).) servicio regular
    1. puente aéreo
    2. servicio de enlace
    3. transbordador espacial
    tr['ʃʌtəl]
    1 SMALLAVIATION/SMALL puente nombre masculino aéreo
    2 (spacecraft) transbordador nombre masculino espacial
    3 (bus, train) servicio regular de enlace
    4 (in weaving) lanzadera
    1 trasladar, transportar
    1 (plane) volar regularmente; (bus, train) viajar, ir regularmente
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    shuttle service servicio regular de enlace
    shuttle ['ʃʌt̬əl] v, - tled ; - tling vt
    : transportar
    she shuttled him back and forth: lo llevaba de acá para allá
    : ir y venir
    1) : lanzadera f (para tejer)
    2) : vehículo m que hace recorridos cortos
    n.
    espolín s.m.
    lanzadera s.f.
    v.
    hacer viajes cortos de ida y vuelta v.
    ir y venir acompasadamente v.
    'ʃʌtḷ
    I
    1) (in loom, sewing machine) lanzadera f
    2)
    a) ( Aviat) puente m aéreo; (bus, train service) servicio m (regular) de enlace; (before n)

    shuttle diplomacydiplomacia f al estilo Kissinger

    shuttle serviceservicio m de enlace; ( Aviat) puente m aéreo

    b) ( space shuttle) transbordador m or lanzadera f espacial

    II
    1.
    intransitive verb ( by plane) volar* (regularmente); (by bus, train) viajar (regularmente)

    to shuttle back and forth — ir* y venir*


    2.
    vt \<\<passengers\>\> transportar, llevar
    ['ʃʌtl]
    1. N
    1) (for weaving, sewing) lanzadera f
    2) (Aer) puente m aéreo; (=plane, train etc) servicio m regular de enlace

    air shuttlepuente m aéreo

    3) (Space) (also: space shuttle) lanzadera f or transbordador m espacial
    4) * (in badminton) (=shuttlecock) volante m
    2.
    VI [person] (=go regularly) ir y venir ( between entre)
    3.
    VT (=transport) transportar, trasladar
    4.
    CPD

    shuttle bus Nautobús m lanzadera

    shuttle flight Nvuelo m de puente aéreo

    shuttle diplomacy Nviajes mpl diplomáticos

    shuttle service Nservicio m regular de enlace

    * * *
    ['ʃʌtḷ]
    I
    1) (in loom, sewing machine) lanzadera f
    2)
    a) ( Aviat) puente m aéreo; (bus, train service) servicio m (regular) de enlace; (before n)

    shuttle diplomacydiplomacia f al estilo Kissinger

    shuttle serviceservicio m de enlace; ( Aviat) puente m aéreo

    b) ( space shuttle) transbordador m or lanzadera f espacial

    II
    1.
    intransitive verb ( by plane) volar* (regularmente); (by bus, train) viajar (regularmente)

    to shuttle back and forth — ir* y venir*


    2.
    vt \<\<passengers\>\> transportar, llevar

    English-spanish dictionary > shuttle

  • 10 diplomat

    ['dipləmæt]
    noun (a person engaged in diplomacy: He is a diplomat at the American embassy.) diplomat
    * * *
    ['dipləmæt]
    noun (a person engaged in diplomacy: He is a diplomat at the American embassy.) diplomat

    English-Danish dictionary > diplomat

  • 11 skilled

    adjective
    1) see academic.ru/67681/skilful">skilful 1)
    2) (requiring skill) qualifiziert [Arbeit, Tätigkeit]

    skilled trade — Ausbildungsberuf, der

    3) (trained) ausgebildet; (experienced) erfahren

    be skilled in diplomacy/sewing — ein guter Diplomat sein/gut nähen können

    * * *
    1) ((of a person etc) having skill, especially skill gained by training: a skilled craftsman; She is skilled at all types of dressmaking.) erfahren
    2) ((of a job etc) requiring skill: a skilled trade.) Fach-...
    * * *
    [skɪld]
    I. adj
    1. (trained) ausgebildet; (skilful) geschickt
    \skilled in electronics in Elektronik geschult
    2. (requiring skill) Fach-, qualifiziert
    a highly \skilled job eine hoch qualifizierte Tätigkeit
    semi-\skilled occupation Anlernberuf m
    II. n
    the \skilled pl qualifiziertes [o ausgebildetes] [Fach]personal
    * * *
    [skɪld]
    adj
    (= skilful) geschickt, gewandt (at in +dat); (= trained) ausgebildet; (= requiring skill) fachmännisch

    he's skilled in persuading peopleer versteht es, andere zu überreden

    * * *
    skilled [skıld] adj
    1. geschickt, gewandt, erfahren ( alle:
    at, in in dat)
    2. Fach…:
    skilled labo(u)r Facharbeiter pl;
    skilled worker Facharbeiter(in)
    * * *
    adjective
    1) see skilful 1)
    2) (requiring skill) qualifiziert [Arbeit, Tätigkeit]

    skilled trade — Ausbildungsberuf, der

    3) (trained) ausgebildet; (experienced) erfahren

    be skilled in diplomacy/sewing — ein guter Diplomat sein/gut nähen können

    * * *
    adj.
    bewandert adj.
    bewandt adj.
    fachgerecht adj.
    geschickt adj. n.
    fachgemäß adj.

    English-german dictionary > skilled

  • 12 quiet

    1. adjective,
    1) (silent) still; (not loud) leise [Schritte, Musik, Stimme, Motor, Fahrzeug]

    be quiet!(coll.) sei still od. ruhig!

    keep something quiet, keep quiet about something — (fig.) etwas geheimhalten

    2) (peaceful, not busy) ruhig
    3) (gentle) sanft; (peaceful) ruhig [Kind, Person]
    4) (not overt, disguised) versteckt; heimlich [Groll]

    have a quiet word with somebodymit jemandem unter vier Augen reden

    5) (not formal) zwanglos; klein [Feier]
    6) (not showy) dezent [Farben, Muster]; schlicht [Eleganz, Stil]
    2. noun
    Ruhe, die; (silence, stillness) Stille, die
    3. transitive verb
    see academic.ru/59748/quieten">quieten
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (not making very much, or any, noise; without very much, or any, noise: Tell the children to be quiet; It's very quiet out in the country; a quiet person.) ruhig
    2) (free from worry, excitement etc: I live a very quiet life.) ruhig
    3) (without much movement or activity; not busy: We'll have a quiet afternoon watching television.) ruhig
    4) ((of colours) not bright.) unauffällig
    2. noun
    (a state, atmosphere, period of time etc which is quiet: In the quiet of the night; All I want is peace and quiet.) die Ruhe
    3. verb
    ((especially American: often with down) to quieten.) beruhigen
    - quieten
    - quietly
    - quietness
    - keep quiet about
    - on the quiet
    * * *
    qui·et
    [kwaɪət]
    I. adj
    <-er, -est>
    1. (not loud) voice, appliance, machine leise
    to speak in a \quiet voice leise sprechen
    2. (silent) ruhig
    please be \quiet Ruhe bitte!
    \quiet nap BRIT (after lunch) Nachmittagsruhe f
    to keep \quiet ruhig sein
    they were told to keep \quiet ihnen wurde gesagt, dass sie still sein sollen
    give the baby a bottle to keep her \quiet gib mal dem Baby die Flasche, damit es nicht schreit
    the new teacher can't keep the children \quiet der neue Lehrer hat die Kinder nicht im Griff
    a \quiet corner/place eine ruhige Ecke/ein ruhiger Platz
    in \quiet contemplation in stiller Betrachtung
    3. (not talkative) still; person schweigsam; child ruhig
    you've been very \quiet all evening — is anything the matter? du warst den ganzen Abend sehr ruhig — ist irgendwas?
    to keep \quiet about sth über etw akk Stillschweigen bewahren
    if she knows something, she's keeping very \quiet about it wenn sie etwas davon weiß, so sagt sie nichts darüber
    to keep sb \quiet jdn zum Schweigen bringen
    4. (secret) heimlich
    to feel a \quiet satisfaction eine stille Genugtuung empfinden
    to have a \quiet word with sb mit jdm ein Wörtchen im Vertrauen reden fam
    can I have a \quiet word with you? könnte ich Sie [mal] unter vier Augen sprechen?
    to keep sth \quiet etw für sich akk behalten
    5. (not ostentatious) schlicht; clothes dezent; colour gedämpft
    they wanted a \quiet wedding sie wollten eine Hochzeit in kleinem Rahmen
    6. (not exciting) geruhsam
    it's a \quiet peaceful little village es ist ein beschaulicher und friedlicher kleiner Ort; (not busy) street, town ruhig
    7.
    anything for a \quiet life! wenn ich doch nur eine Sekunde mal meine Ruhe hätte!
    as \quiet as a mouse mucksmäuschenstill fam
    II. n no pl
    1. (silence) Stille f
    let's have some \quiet! Ruhe bitte!
    2. (lack of excitement) Ruhe f
    peace and \quiet Ruhe und Frieden
    I just want peace and \quiet for five minutes ich will nur fünf Minuten lang meine Ruhe haben
    I go camping for some peace and \quiet ich gehe zelten, weil ich ein wenig Ruhe und Stille finden möchte
    3.
    on the \quiet heimlich
    to get married on the \quiet in aller Stille heiraten
    III. vt esp AM
    to \quiet sb/sth jdn/etw besänftigen
    to \quiet children Kinder zur Ruhe bringen
    IV. vi esp AM sich akk beruhigen
    * * *
    ['kwaɪət]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (= silent) still; neighbours, person ruhig, still; engine ruhig; footsteps, music, car, voice leise

    at night when the office is quiet — nachts, wenn im Büro alles still ist

    she was as quiet as a mousesie war mucksmäuschenstill (inf)

    (be) quiet! — Ruhe!

    can't you keep your dog quiet? — können Sie nicht zusehen, dass ihr Hund still ist?

    that book should keep him quiet for a while — das Buch sollte ihn eine Weile beschäftigt halten, mit dem Buch sollte er eine Weile zu tun haben

    you've kept very quiet about itdu hast ja nicht viel darüber verlauten lassen

    to go quiet — still werden; (music etc) leise werden

    could you make the class quiet for a minute? —

    2) (= peaceful) ruhig; evening geruhsam, ruhig; conscience gut, ruhig; smile leise

    to have a quiet mind —

    he had a quiet sleep the patient had a quiet night — er hat ruhig geschlafen der Patient verbrachte eine ruhige or ungestörte Nacht

    I was just sitting there having a quiet drinkich saß da und habe in aller Ruhe mein Bier etc getrunken

    3) (= gentle) face, character sanft; child ruhig; horse brav, gutwillig; irony leise
    4) (= unpretentious, simple) dress, tie, colour dezent; style einfach, schlicht; elegance schlicht; wedding, dinner, funeral im kleinen Rahmen
    5) (= not overt) hatred, envy, despair still; resentment heimlich

    I caught him having a quiet drink — ich habe ihn dabei erwischt, wie er heimlich getrunken hat

    6) (= unobtrusive, confidential) dinner ruhig, im kleinen Kreis; negotiation besonnen, vertraulich; diplomacy besonnen
    2. n
    Ruhe f

    on the quiet —

    See:
    peace
    3. vt
    See:
    = quieten
    4. vi
    (US: become quiet) nachlassen, erlahmen, erlöschen
    * * *
    quiet [ˈkwaıət]
    A adj (adv quietly)
    1. ruhig, still (beide auch fig Person etc)
    2. ruhig, leise, geräuschlos ( auch TECH), TECH geräuschfrei:
    quiet run TECH ruhiger Gang;
    be quiet! sei still oder ruhig!;
    quiet, please ich bitte um Ruhe!; Ruhe, bitte!;
    a) sich ruhig verhalten, still sein,
    b) den Mund halten
    3. ruhig, friedlich, behaglich, beschaulich (Leben etc):
    a quiet evening ein ruhiger oder geruhsamer Abend;
    quiet conscience ruhiges Gewissen; anything A 2
    4. bewegungslos, still (Gewässer)
    5. fig versteckt, geheim, heimlich, leise:
    a quiet resentment ein heimlicher Groll;
    keep sth quiet etwas geheim halten oder für sich behalten
    6. ruhig, unauffällig:
    quiet colo(u)rs ruhige oder gedämpfte Farben
    7. WIRTSCH ruhig, still, flau (Saison etc)
    B s
    1. Ruhe f
    2. Ruhe f, Stille f:
    on the quiet umg klammheimlich; heimlich, still und leise
    3. Ruhe f, Friede(n) m: peace A 3
    C v/t
    1. beruhigen, zur Ruhe bringen
    2. beruhigen, besänftigen
    3. zum Schweigen bringen
    D v/i meist quiet down ruhig oder still werden, sich beruhigen
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    1) (silent) still; (not loud) leise [Schritte, Musik, Stimme, Motor, Fahrzeug]

    be quiet!(coll.) sei still od. ruhig!

    keep something quiet, keep quiet about something — (fig.) etwas geheimhalten

    2) (peaceful, not busy) ruhig
    3) (gentle) sanft; (peaceful) ruhig [Kind, Person]
    4) (not overt, disguised) versteckt; heimlich [Groll]
    5) (not formal) zwanglos; klein [Feier]
    6) (not showy) dezent [Farben, Muster]; schlicht [Eleganz, Stil]
    2. noun
    Ruhe, die; (silence, stillness) Stille, die
    3. transitive verb
    * * *
    adj.
    leis adj.
    ruhig adj.
    still adj.

    English-german dictionary > quiet

  • 13 quiet

    quiet [ˈkwaɪət]
       a. ( = not loud) [voice] bas ( basse f) ; [music] doux ( douce f) ; [sound] léger
       b. ( = not noisy, not busy) [street, room, village, neighbour] calme
    isn't it quiet! quel calme !
       c. ( = silent) to be quiet [person] être silencieux
    be quiet! silence !
       d. ( = placid) [person] calme
       e. ( = discreet) [optimism] discret (- ète f)
    "yes" he said with a quiet smile « oui » dit-il avec un petit sourire
       f. ( = untroubled) [night] paisible ; [life] tranquille
    2. noun
       a. ( = silence) silence m
       b. ( = peace) calme m
    * * *
    ['kwaɪət] 1.
    1) ( silence) silence m

    quiet please! — silence, s'il vous plaît!

    2) ( peace) tranquillité f
    3) (colloq) ( secret)
    2.
    1) ( silent) [church, person, room] silencieux/-ieuse

    to go quiet[person, assembly] se taire

    be quiet — ( stop talking) tais-toi; ( make no noise) ne fais pas de bruit

    2) ( not noisy) [voice] bas/basse; [engine] silencieux/-ieuse; [music] doux/douce; [cough, laugh] discret/-ète

    to keep the children quiet[activity] tenir les enfants tranquilles

    3) ( discreet) [diplomacy] discret/-ète; [deal] en privé; [confidence] serein; [despair] voilé; [colour] sobre
    4) ( calm) [village, holiday, night, life] tranquille
    5) ( for few people) [meal] intime; [wedding] célébré dans l'intimité
    6) ( docile) [pony] paisible
    7) ( secret)

    to keep [something] quiet — ne pas divulguer [plans]; garder [quelque chose] secret/-ète [engagement]

    3.
    transitive verb US = quieten

    English-French dictionary > quiet

  • 14 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 15 quiet

    A n
    1 ( silence) silence m ; in the quiet of the morning dans le silence du petit matin ; quiet please! silence, s'il vous plaît! ;
    2 ( peace) tranquillité f ; the quiet of the countryside la tranquillité de la campagne ; let's have some peace and quiet pourrions-nous avoir un peu de calme maintenant ;
    3 ( secret) to do sth on the quiet faire qch discrètement.
    B adj
    1 ( silent) [church, person, room] silencieux/-ieuse ; to keep ou stay quiet garder le silence ; to go quiet [person, assembly] se taire ; the room went quiet la salle s'est tue ; to keep sth quiet empêcher [qch] de faire du bruit [bells, machinery] ; faire taire [dog, child] ; be quiet ( stop talking) tais-toi ; ( make no noise) ne fais pas de bruit ; you're quiet, are you OK? tu es bien silencieux, ça va? ;
    2 ( not noisy) [voice] bas/basse ; [car, engine] silencieux/-ieuse ; [music] doux/douce ; [cough, laugh] discret/-ète ; in a quiet voice à voix basse ; that should keep the children quiet cela devrait tenir les enfants tranquilles ;
    3 ( discreet) [diplomacy, chat] discret/-ète ; [deal] en privé ; [confidence, optimism] serein ; [despair, rancour] voilé ; [colour, stripe] sobre, discret/-ète ; I had a quiet laugh over it j'en ai ri sous cape ; to have a quiet word with sb parler avec qn en privé ;
    4 ( calm) [village, holiday, night] tranquille ; business/the stock market is quiet le marché/la Bourse est calme ; to lead a quiet life mener une vie tranquille ; OK! anything for a quiet life! tout ce que tu veux pourvu que je sois tranquille! ;
    5 ( for few people) [dinner, meal] intime ; [wedding, funeral] célébré dans l'intimité ;
    6 ( docile) [child, pony] paisible ;
    7 ( secret) to keep [sth] quiet ne pas divulguer [plans] ; garder [qch] secret/-ète [engagement].
    C vtr US
    1 ( calm) calmer [crowd, class] ;
    2 ( allay) dissiper [fears, doubts] ;
    3 ( silence) faire taire [person].

    Big English-French dictionary > quiet

  • 16 use

    use
    A n
    1 ¢ ( act of using) (of substance, object, machine) emploi m, utilisation f (of de) ; (of word, expression, language) emploi m, usage m (of de) ; the use of force/diplomacy le recours à la force/la diplomatie, l'usage de la force/la diplomatie ; the use of sth as/for sth l'emploi or l'utilisation de qch comme/pour qch ; for use as/in pour être utilisé comme/dans ; for the use of sb, for use by sb (customer, staff) à l'usage de qn ; for my own use pour mon usage personnel ; to make use of sth utiliser qch ; to make good/better/the best use of sth tirer bon/meilleur/le meilleur parti de qch ; to get ou have good ou a lot of use out of sth se servir beaucoup de qch, faire grand usage de qch ; to put sth to good use tirer bon parti de qch ; the car/machine gets regular use la voiture/la machine est utilisée régulièrement ; the room/photocopier is in use at the moment la pièce/la photocopieuse est occupée en ce moment ; while the machine is in use lorsque la machine est en service or en fonctionnement ; for external use only Pharm usage externe ; a word in common ou general use un mot d'usage courant ; out of ou no longer in use [machine] ( broken) hors service ; ( because obsolete) plus utilisé ; [word, expression] plus en usage ; worn/stained with use râpé/taché par l'usage ; this machine came into use in the 1950s cette machine a fait son apparition pendant les années cinquante ; the bridge/new system comes into use next year le pont/le nouveau système entrera en service l'année prochaine ;
    2 ( way of using) (of resource, object, material) utilisation f ; ( of term) emploi m, the many uses of a hairpin les nombreux usages d'une épingle à cheveux ; she has her uses elle a son utilité ; to find a use for sth trouver une utilisation pour qch ; to have no further use for sth/sb ne plus avoir besoin de qch/qn ; I've no use for that sort of talk fig je ne veux pas entendre parler de ça ;
    3 ¢ ( right to use) to have the use of avoir l'usage de [house, car, kitchen] ; avoir la jouissance de [garden] ; to let sb have the use of sth permettre à qn de se servir de qch ; to lose/still have the use of one's legs perdre/conserver l'usage de ses jambes ; with use of avec usage de [kitchen, bathroom] ;
    4 ¢ ( usefulness) to be of use être utile (to à) ; to be (of) no use [object] ne servir à rien ; [person] n'être bon/bonne à rien ; to be (of) no use to sb [object] ne pas servir à qn ; [person] n'être d'aucune utilité à qn ; he's no use at cards il est nul aux cartes ; what use is a wheel without a tyre? à quoi sert une roue sans pneu? ; what's the use of crying? à quoi bon pleurer? ; oh, what's the use? oh, et puis à quoi bon? ; is it any use asking him? est-ce que cela vaut la peine de lui demander? ; it's no use asking me inutile de me demander ; it's no use (he won't listen) c'est inutile (il n'écoutera pas) ; it's no use, we'll have to start rien à faire, il faut s'y mettre.
    B vtr
    1 ( employ) se servir de, utiliser [object, car, room, money, tool, telephone] ; employer, utiliser [method, technique] ; employer [word, expression] ; se servir de [language, metaphor] ; profiter de, saisir [opportunity] ; se servir de, faire jouer [influence] ; avoir recours à [blackmail, force, power] ; utiliser [knowledge, information, talent] ; to use sth/sb as sth se servir de qch/qn comme qch ; to use sth for sth/to do se servir de or utiliser qch pour qch/pour faire ; to be used for sth/to do servir à qch/à faire, être utilisé pour qch/pour faire ; we only use local suppliers nous achetons tous nos produits à des fournisseurs locaux ; somebody's using the toilet il y a quelqu'un dans les toilettes ; can I use you ou your name as a reference? est-ce que je peux donner votre nom comme référence? ; to use one's initiative faire preuve d'initiative ; use your initiative! allez, un peu d'initiative! ; use your head ou loaf ! fais marcher un peu ta cervelle ! ; I could use a drink/bath! j'aurais bien besoin d'un verre/bain! ;
    2 ( also use up) ( consume) consommer [fuel, food] ; he's used all the water il a utilisé toute l'eau ; use the left-overs utilisez les restes ;
    3 ( exploit) péj se servir de [person] ;
    4 ( take habitually) prendre [drugs] ;
    5 ( treat) to use sb well bien traiter qn ; to use sb ill maltraiter qn.
    C vi ( take drugs) se droguer.
    D used pp adj [car] d'occasion ; [container] vide ; [crockery, cutlery] sale ; [condom] usagé.
    use up:
    use [sth] up, use up [sth] finir, utiliser [remainder, food] ; d épenser [money, savings] ; épuiser [supplies, fuel, energy].

    Big English-French dictionary > use

  • 17 diplomat

    noun (a person engaged in diplomacy: He is a diplomat at the American embassy.) diplomático
    diplomat n diplomático
    tr['dɪpləmæt]
    1 (ambassador etc) diplomático,-a
    2 (tactful person) persona diplomática
    diplomat ['dɪplə.mæt] n
    1) : diplomático m, -ca f (en relaciones internacionales)
    2) : persona f diplomática
    n.
    diplomático s.m.
    'dɪpləmæt
    noun diplomático, -ca m,f
    ['dɪplǝmæt]
    N diplomático(-a) m / f
    * * *
    ['dɪpləmæt]
    noun diplomático, -ca m,f

    English-spanish dictionary > diplomat

  • 18 dollar

    'dolə
    ((usually abbreviated to $ when written) the standard unit of currency in several countries, eg the United States, Australia, Singapore: It costs ten dollars / $10.) dólar
    dollar n dólar
    tr['dɒləSMALLr/SMALL]
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to feel like a million dollars sentirse en el séptimo cielo, sentirse en las nubes
    to look like a million dollars tener un aspecto maravilloso, estar despampanante
    dollar bill billete nombre masculino de un dólar
    the sixty-four thousand dollar question la pregunta del millón
    dollar ['dɑlər] n
    : dólar m
    n.
    dólar s.m.
    'dɑːlər, 'dɒlə(r)
    noun dólar m

    dollars to doughnuts — (AmE colloq)

    it's dollars to doughnuts they'll comete apuesto or juego lo que quieras (a) que vienen

    to be (as) sound as a dollar — (AmE colloq) \<\<heart/engine\>\> funcionar or marchar como un reloj; \<\<person\>\> estar* (fuerte) como un toro

    to feel/look like a million dollars: he made me feel like a million dollars me hizo sentir en el séptimo cielo or a las mil maravillas; she looked like a million dollars estaba despampanante; top dollar (AmE colloq) el mejor precio (or sueldo etc); you can bet your bottom dollar (colloq) puedes estar seguro, te lo doy firmado (fam); (before n) dollar bill billete m de un dólar; dollar sign — signo m or símbolo m del dólar

    ['dɒlǝ(r)]
    1.
    N dólar m
    2.
    CPD

    dollar area Nzona f del dólar

    dollar bill Nbillete m de un dólar

    dollar cost averaging Ncosto m promedio en dólares

    dollar diplomacy N(US) (Pol) diplomacia f a golpe de dólar

    dollar rate Ncambio m del dólar

    dollar sign Nsigno m del dólar

    * * *
    ['dɑːlər, 'dɒlə(r)]
    noun dólar m

    dollars to doughnuts — (AmE colloq)

    it's dollars to doughnuts they'll comete apuesto or juego lo que quieras (a) que vienen

    to be (as) sound as a dollar — (AmE colloq) \<\<heart/engine\>\> funcionar or marchar como un reloj; \<\<person\>\> estar* (fuerte) como un toro

    to feel/look like a million dollars: he made me feel like a million dollars me hizo sentir en el séptimo cielo or a las mil maravillas; she looked like a million dollars estaba despampanante; top dollar (AmE colloq) el mejor precio (or sueldo etc); you can bet your bottom dollar (colloq) puedes estar seguro, te lo doy firmado (fam); (before n) dollar bill billete m de un dólar; dollar sign — signo m or símbolo m del dólar

    English-spanish dictionary > dollar

  • 19 Diplomat

    m; -en, -en; POL. diplomat (auch fig.)
    * * *
    der Diplomat
    diplomat
    * * *
    Dip|lo|mat [diplo'maːt]
    1. m -en, -en,Dip|lo|m|tin
    [-'maːtɪn]
    2. f -, -nen
    diplomat
    * * *
    (a person engaged in diplomacy: He is a diplomat at the American embassy.) diplomat
    * * *
    Di·plo·mat(in)
    <-en, -en>
    [diploˈma:t]
    1. (Person im auswärtigen Dienst) diplomat
    2. (geschickter Taktierer) diplomat, diplomatist form
    * * *
    der; Diplomaten, Diplomaten (auch fig.) diplomat
    * * *
    Diplomat m; -en, -en; POL diplomat (auch fig)
    * * *
    der; Diplomaten, Diplomaten (auch fig.) diplomat
    * * *
    -en m.
    diplomat n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Diplomat

  • 20 subtle

    ['sʌtl]
    1) (barely perceptible) [ distinction] sottile; [ change] leggero
    2) (finely tuned) [analysis, allusion, hint] sottile; [strategy, idea] astuto, ingegnoso; [ humour] sottile, pungente; [ performance] complesso, ricco di sfumature
    3) (perceptive) [ analyst] perspicace; [person, mind] sottile, acuto
    4) (delicate) [blend, colour] delicato; [ lighting] soffuso
    * * *
    1) (faint or delicate in quality, and therefore difficult to describe or explain: There is a subtle difference between `unnecessary' and `not necessary'; a subtle flavour.) sottile
    2) (clever or cunning: He has a subtle mind.) sottile, acuto
    - subtly
    * * *
    subtle /ˈsʌtl/
    a.
    1 sottile; fine; fino; tenue; acuto; penetrante; sagace; ingegnoso: subtle air, aria sottile; a subtle perfume, un tenue profumo; a subtle distinction, una distinzione sottile; subtle diplomacy, diplomazia sottile; a subtle mind, una mente acuta (o sottile); a subtle policy, una linea politica sagace; a subtle device, una trovata ingegnosa
    2 astruso; oscuro; indefinibile: a subtle problem, un problema astruso
    3 abile; astuto; scaltro: a subtle enemy, un nemico astuto; subtle fingers, dita abili
    a subtle difference, una differenza impercettibile □ a subtle poison, un veleno insidioso □ a subtle wink, un'ammiccatina d'intesa
    subtleness n. [u] subtly avv.
    * * *
    ['sʌtl]
    1) (barely perceptible) [ distinction] sottile; [ change] leggero
    2) (finely tuned) [analysis, allusion, hint] sottile; [strategy, idea] astuto, ingegnoso; [ humour] sottile, pungente; [ performance] complesso, ricco di sfumature
    3) (perceptive) [ analyst] perspicace; [person, mind] sottile, acuto
    4) (delicate) [blend, colour] delicato; [ lighting] soffuso

    English-Italian dictionary > subtle

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